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This book explores the individual and collective experiences of trauma from the perspectives of neuroscience, clinical science, and cultural anthropology. Each perspective presents critical and conceptual challenges for the development of an integrative model of the impact of trauma. The first section reviews the neurobiology of fear conditioning and extinction, and the effects of early life stress on the development of neural systems related to vulnerabil ityto persistent effects of trauma.
The second section of the book reviews a wide range of clinical approaches to the treatment ofthe effects of trauma in different populations, including refugees. The final section of the book presents cultural analyses of personal, social, and political responses to massive trauma and genocidal events in a variety of societies. This work goes well beyond the neurobiological models of conditioned fear and the clinical syndrome of posttraumatic stress disorder to examine how massive traumatic events affect the whole fabric of a society, calling forth collective responses of resilience and moral transformation.