Childhood on the Clock. Factories Technology and Lost Time

The industrial workplace did more than employ children; it reorganized childhood around bells, shifts, machines, and wages. From mills and mines to workshops and streets, young workers became central to expanding economies while reformers debated education, family duty, and state responsibility. This account connects technological change with household survival and emerging labor law, revealing why child labor persisted, how it differed across industries, and how campaigns against it reshaped modern ideas of childhood.