بن الله عبد المقفع

"???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ""????? ???????"" ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? « ??? ???? » ?? ????? ???????? « ??????? »? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????.
" Abdullah bin Al-Muqaffa presents in 'The Orphan Gem' a compilation of etiquette and advice, divided into five sections covering fundamentals of matters, rulers, friends, acquaintances, and speech etiquette. It is regarded as a reference on moral and religious conduct.