محمد خضر

????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ???? - ?????? ????? - ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????: « ???????? »? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? « ??????? ». ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???. The book examines the development of Islamic thought during the formative period from 632 to 950?CE, offering a critical analysis of historical and juridical sources.
It focuses on the Kharijites, Shia, and other sects, highlighting the political and social factors that shaped these developments.